Europe’s growing mask ask: Ditch the cloth ones for medical-grade coverings

‘Faced with new, more contagious, strains of the coronavirus and a winter surge in cases, European nations have begun to tighten mask regulations in the hope that they can slow the spread of the virus. Germany on Tuesday night made it mandatory for people riding on public transport or in supermarkets to wear medical style masks: either N95s, the Chinese or European equivalent KN95 or FFP2s, or a surgical mask.

‘It follows a stricter regulation from the German state of Bavaria this week that required N95 equivalents in stores and on public transport. Austria will introduce the same measures from Monday.’

Read here (Washington Post, Jan 20, 2021)

Study: 14 face masks, here are the best, worst for Covid-19 coronavirus

This article, inappropriately whimsical in the initial paragraphs, gives summaries of the effectiveness of 14 types of face masks. They are the results of a simple Duke University test to analyse their effectiveness. The fitted N95 came out tops. Three-layer surgical masks and cotton masks, which many people have been making at home, also performed well.

Read here (Forbes, August 9, 2020)

Read the Duke University paper ‘Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech’ here 

Watch a video on making surgical masks as safe as N95 masks: Towards Surgical Mask Brace 2.0, a scalable, open source design by ex-Apple engineers

Why adapt surgical masks?

• ‘Safety: Surgical masks have a government standard that regulates their filtration efficiency. They are regulated to meet ASTM standard F2100 which guarantees filtering 95% or more of COVID-19 sized particles.
• ‘Accessible: Surgical masks are faster to manufacture and more readily available. Currently, of the 200 million masks China makes a day, only 600,000 are N95 standard masks. That means surgical masks can be made more than 300x faster than N95’s.’

Watch here (fixthemask.com, undated)

Approved: System to decontaminate N95 masks and allow reuse -- as many as 20 times

‘A system to decontaminate N95 masks to allow healthcare workers to safely reuse them -- as many as 20 times -- has been approved by the US FDA. It uses hydrogen peroxide vapour to “destroy bacteria, viruses and other contaminants, including... SARS-CoV-2,” and it can process up to 80,000 masks per day.’

Note: This is interesting. If the principle of decontamination and re-use is acceptable, what other ways can we use to recycle personal protection equipment (PPEs) especially in poor countries?

Read here (Politico, March 29, 2020)

Case for wearing face masks (4): History -- showing how Wu Lien-Teh from Penang, in the face of racism and widespread doubt, soldiered on to make the face mask an icon of modern healthcare

‘In the fall of 1910, a plague broke out across Manchuria—what we know now as Northern China—which was broken up in politically complex jurisdictions shared between China and Russia...

‘The Chinese Imperial Court brought in a doctor named Lien-teh Wu to head its efforts. He was born in Penang and studied medicine at Cambridge. Wu was young, and he spoke lousy Mandarin. In a plague that quickly attracted international attention and doctors from around the world, he was “completely unimportant,” according to Lynteris. But after conducting an autopsy on one of the victims, Wu determined that the plague was not spread by fleas, as many suspected, but through the air.

‘Expanding upon the surgery masks he’d seen in the West, Wu developed a hardier mask from gauze and cotton, which wrapped securely around one’s face and added several layers of cloth to filter inhalations. His invention was a breakthrough, but some doctors still doubted its efficacy.

‘“There’s a famous incident. He’s confronted by a famous old hand in the region, a French doctor [Gérald Mesny] . . . and Wu explains to the French doctor his theory that plague is pneumonic and airborne,” Lynteris says. “And the French guy humiliates him . . . and in very racist terms says, ‘What can we expect from a Chinaman?’ And to prove this point, [Mesny] goes and attends the sick in a plague hospital without wearing Wu’s mask, and he dies in two days with plague.”

‘Other doctors in the region quickly developed their own masks. “Some are . . . completely strange things,” Lynteris says. “Hoods with glasses, like diving masks.”

‘But Wu’s mask won out because in empirical testing, it protected users from bacteria. According to Lynteris, it was also a great design. It could be constructed by hand out of materials that were cheap and in ready supply. Between January and February of 1911, mask production ramped up to unknown numbers. Medical staff wore them, soldiers wore them, and some everyday people wore them, too. Not only did that help thwart the spread of the plague; the masks became a symbol of modern medical science looking an epidemic right in the eye.’

Read here (Fast Company, March 24, 2020)