Three Australian kids baffle doctors after developing Covid antibodies without ever testing positive: Study published in Nature Communications

‘The kids – aged six, seven and nine – took the COVID-19 test and the results were negative. “It was jaw-droppingly amazing because they'd spent a week and a half with us while we were COVID-positive,” added the mother. While two kids had mild symptoms, one daughter remained completely asymptomatic. They were tested again, just to get negative results. This continued for several weeks, until everyone in the family tested negative.

‘What surprised the doctors was when the results came negative despite the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests of the kids showing antibodies of Sars-CoV-2. This definitely caused curiosity as the kids never tested positive for the virus. While the researchers are keen to do a further study on the immune response of the kids, paediatrician Shidan Tosif from the University of Melbourne said, “The fact these children were able to shut down the virus and without even showing a positive test result suggests they have some level of their immune system which is able to respond and deal effectively with the virus, without them ever becoming very unwell.”

Read here (Yahoo News, Nov 19, 2020)  

Why schools probably aren’t Covid hotspots

‘Data gathered worldwide are increasingly suggesting that schools are not hot spots for coronavirus infections. Despite fears, COVID-19 infections did not surge when schools and day-care centres reopened after pandemic lockdowns eased. And when outbreaks do occur, they mostly result in only a small number of people becoming ill. However, research also shows that children can catch the virus and shed viral particles, and older children are more likely than very young kids to pass it on to others. Scientists say that the reasons for these trends are unclear, but they have policy implications for older children and teachers.’

Read here (Nature, Oct 29, 2020)

Covid-19: Protecting our children ― Amar-Singh HSS

‘This recent infant death will have alarmed parents and those of us working with children. We want to know how we can protect our children better. The clear message is that we cannot protect our children without controlling the pandemic in the community; these two are intricately linked. I would like to offer some suggestions of what we can do in the face of the extensive community spread that is currently occurring in the country.’

• Improve SOPs at schools, taskas, child care facilities
• Strengthen our contact tracing with data transparency
• Advocate for health support to be ramped up with regards to (1) testing (2) use of rapid antigen detection tests (3) boost of manpower at MOH (4) injection of funds at MOH for equipment, PPEs, etc
• Stop poor leadership by example that hampers population compliance

Read here (Malay Mail, Oct 7, 2020)

A Covid-19 vaccine for children may not arrive before Fall 2021

‘The pandemic has many parents asking two burning questions. First, when can I get a vaccine? And second, when can my kids get it? It may come as a surprise that the answers are not the same. Adults may be able to get a vaccine by next summer. But their kids will have to wait longer. Perhaps a lot longer.

‘Thanks to the U.S. government’s Operation Warp Speed and other programs, a number of Covid-19 vaccines for adults are already in advanced clinical trials. But no trials have yet begun in the United States to determine whether these vaccines are safe and effective for children.’

Read here (New York Times, Sept 21, 2020)

Impact of Covid-19 on women and children

‘The impacts of crises are never gender-neutral and COVID-19 is no exception. The pandemic has resulted in increased rates of violence against women and has exacerbated challenges in accessing justice. Women are losing their livelihoods faster than men.

‘Millions of women are assuming disproportionate responsibility for caregiving. Many women have found themselves unable to access contraception and other sexual and reproductive health services. UN experts predict that as many as 13 million more child marriages could take place over the next 10 years because of COVID-19 shutdowns of schools and family planning services combined with increasing economic challenges.’

Read here (IPS News, Sept 16, 2020)

Evidence grows that children may play a larger role in transmission than previously believed

Are children the coronavirus’s secret weapon? Because they experience few symptoms of covid-19, children were largely ignored and untested during the early weeks of the pandemic. “But they may have been acting as silent spreaders all along,” our health desk wrote.

A study in the Journal of Pediatrics found high levels of the virus in children's airways, even when they had mild or no symptoms. Previous studies have reached similar conclusions, and researchers are trying to figure out how worried we should be about the children. "Some people thought that children might be protected,” one of the study's authors told The Washington Post. “This is incorrect. They may be as susceptible as adults — but just not visible.”

Read here (Washington Post, August 20, 2020)

New evidence suggests young children spread Covid-19 more efficiently than adults

Two new studies, though from different parts of the world, have arrived at the same conclusion: that young children not only transmit SARS-CoV-2 efficiently, but may be major drivers of the pandemic as well. The first, which was published in JAMA yesterday, reports findings from a pediatric hospital in Chicago, Illinois. The second, a preprint manuscript awaiting peer review, was conducted in the mountainous province of Trento, Italy.

Read here (Forbes, July 31, 2020)

Here's what the science actually says about kids and Covid-19

‘As school districts across the United States decide whether to welcome kids back into the classroom for in-person education this fall, administrators find themselves weighing a complex set of variables. There’s the risk of children, teachers and staffers getting sick or spreading the disease, on the one hand. But on the other, there’s evidence that being out of school can degrade children’s long-term learning prospects and mental health; make it harder for many to get the food they need; and make it difficult for parents to work—especially mothers, who are often expected to handle a disproportionate amount of childcare duties. Millions of students, meanwhile, lack access to high-speed broadband internet and other technological resources required to get the most out of remote learning, making it an inadequate substitute for many.’

Read here (Time Magazine, July 29, 2020)

Child malnutrition and Covid-19: The time to act is now

‘The Lancet recently published a call to action co-authored by the directors of UNICEF, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the World Food Programme, and the WHO. The statement addresses the growing threat of childhood malnutrition due to downstream effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated response policies and operations, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The statement listed 5 “urgent actions” to support children's right to adequate nutrition during the pandemic. Specifically, the authors call on national governments and private donors to support efforts to ensure access to nutritious, safe, and affordable diets; maternal and child health; early detection and treatment for child wasting; nutritious school meals for vulnerable children; and safe access to food and essential services. These priorities must be integrated more completely into the COVID-19 response.’ -- Center for Health Security, John Hopkins University

Read here (The Lancet, July 27, 2020)

School openings across globe suggest ways to keep coronavirus at bay, despite outbreaks

“Outbreaks in schools are inevitable,” says Otto Helve, a pediatric infectious disease specialist at the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. “But there is good news.” So far, with some changes to schools’ daily routines, he says, the benefits of attending school seem to outweigh the risks—at least where community infection rates are low and officials are standing by to identify and isolate cases and close contacts.

This article discusses the following:

• How likely are children to catch and transmit the virus?
• Should children play together?
• Should kids wear masks?
• What should schools do when someone tests positive?
• Do schools spread the virus to the wider community?
• What lies ahead?

Read here (Science Magazine, July 7, 2020)

Doctors race to understand new illness afflicting children

‘They named the new illness paediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome (PMIS) or multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) - the name is still evolving - described its symptoms, and prescribed a course of treatment. Each case would require a team of specialists and the facilities of a well-resourced city-based children's hospital.

"We should know in a couple of weeks how wide the spectrum is. We've literally been hearing about cases every day, but we're not gathering systematic data. It's all word of mouth from Zoom conferences and webinars," Dr Levin said on May 12, writing a few days later to say that data-collection processes had already improved.’

Read here (Al Jazeera, May 21, 2020)

Guide for Covid-19 prevention in schools

‘As we attempt to open schools and learn from the few countries that have done so, we must recognise that the key will be to try and create a bubble (a shield) in which students who go to school "live in" so as to minimise infection spread. This "bubble" also means that if one group has Covid-19 infection, only they are isolated and the rest of the school can probably continue.’

This guide by Amar-Singh HSS and Shyielathy Arumugam can be downloaded here.

Read here (Malay Mail, May 20, 2020)

Singapore schools to open in phases from June 2 after Covid-19 circuit breaker: How this will work

‘Students will return to school from June 2 over two phases as part of the easing of the coronavirus circuit breaker measures that are expected to end on June 1. Here are some of the adjustments planned for schools and pre-schools that the Government announced on Tuesday (May 19).’

Read here (Straits Times, May 19, 2020)

Expect more cases of strange coronavirus syndrome in kids, doctors warn

‘Parents, hospitals and clinics should expect to see more cases of a mystifying condition that seems to be affecting children after a bout with Covid-19, doctors said Wednesday. The condition, called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, appears to be a post-viral syndrome, said Dr. Jeffrey Burns, a critical care specialist at Boston Children's Hospital who has been coordinating a global group of doctors who compare notes on the condition. Doctors are investigating cases in at least 150 children, most of them in New York. But a CNN survey finds hospitals and clinics in at least 18 states and Washington, DC are checking into suspected cases. "This multisystem inflammatory syndrome is not directly caused by the virus," Burns told CNN. "The leading hypothesis is that it is due to the immune response of the patient."

Read here (CNN, May 14, 2020)

Study warns 1.1 million children, 56,000 mothers, could die as pandemic interrupts access to food & medical care

A new report finds 1.1 million children under 5 could die, and 56,700 maternal deaths occur, in the next six months from secondary impacts of the pandemic, like disruptions to health services and access to food... ‘Our most severe scenario (coverage reductions of 39·3–51·9% and wasting increase of 50%) over 6 months would result in 1,157,000 additional child deaths and 56,700 additional maternal deaths.’

Read here (The Lancet, May 12, 2020)

‘Very worried’: Britain issues alert as possible new coronavirus syndrome emerges in children

‘Health officials in Britain warn that a potential new coronavirus-related syndrome is emerging in children, with a rise in cases prompting an urgent alert to doctors across the country. The alert revealed an "apparent rise in the number of children of all ages presenting with a multi-system inflammatory state requiring intensive care across London and also in other regions of the United Kingdom".’

Read here (The Sydney Morning Herald, April 28, 2020)

Higher transmission rate among household contacts and individuals traveling with infected people

‘The researchers found that household contacts of COVID-19 cases and individuals traveling with cases were both at elevated risk of infection. Additionally, the secondary “attack rate” (percentage of contacts who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection) among household contacts was at least 11.2%. While attack rates were higher among older adults, the value for children—7.4% and 7.1% for children aged 0-9 years and 10-19 years, respectively—was higher than in younger and middle-aged adults—4.9%-6.1% for adults aged 20-29 years, 30-39 years, and 40-49 years. Individuals aged 0-39 years exhibited lower risk of severe COVID-19 than adults aged 40 years and older.’

Read here (The Lancet, April 27, 2020)

WHO chief says pandemic 'far from over', worried about children

“We have a long road ahead of us and a lot of work to do,” WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus told a virtual news conference in Geneva, adding that a second wave of infections could be prevented with the right actions.

He also expressed ‘concern that the health of children was being threatened by the impact of the coronavirus emergency on vaccination programmes for other diseases.’

“Children may be at relatively low risk from severe disease and death from COVID-19 - the respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus - but can be at high risk from other diseases that can be prevented with vaccines.”

Read here (Reuters, April 27, 2020)

Children and Covid-19: Systematic review of 18 studies

A systematic review of 18 studies shows most children had mild symptoms, if any, and generally required supportive care only. Typically, they had a good prognosis and recovered within 1 to 2 weeks. ‘In this systematic review of 18 studies with 1065 participants, most pediatric patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection presented with fever, dry cough, and fatigue or were asymptomatic; 1 infant presented with pneumonia, complicated by shock and kidney failure, and was successfully treated with intensive care. Most pediatric patients were hospitalised, and symptomatic children received mainly supportive care; no deaths were reported in the age range of 0 to 9 years.’

Read here (JamaNetwork, April 22, 2020)

Free book on coronavirus for primary schoolchildren

Axel Scheffler has illustrated a digital book for primary school age children, free for anyone to read on screen or print out, about the coronavirus and the measures taken to control it. Published by Nosy Crow, and written by staff within the company, the book has had expert input: Professor Graham Medley of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine acted as a consultant, and the company also had advice from two head teachers and a child psychologist.

Download here (Nosy Crow, April 6, 2020)